This method is used by the PDN Decoupling Calculator Tool and is the recommended method for determining the board-level decoupling. Impedance—if not treated correctly—has a remarkably negative impact on circuit performance. 1. In both cases, you’ll need to enter your stackup information into the calculator to get accurate results. 8065. The JLCPCB Impedance Calculator computes track width values and recommended stack-ups from user-input values of board layer, thickness, copper weight, target impedance, trace spacing (for edge-coupled pairs), and impedance trace to copper gap (coplanar waveguides). ) (The difference between W1 and W2 is based on etch factor. Z 0, air is the characteristic impedance of air. Using the impedance profiler tool for a 10-layer PCB in Altium Designer. This adds to the total signal t pd. i know that i can use. Coupled Coplanar TracksStripline Capacitance. (FDTIM). Differential Pair Impedance Calculator. The three regions of the Differential Pairs Editor mode of. Calculate the Differential Microstrip Impedance of a transmission line based on the the distance between the strips, height of the substrate, trace thickness and dielectric constant of the substrate. It was very hard to achieve a differential impedance of 100R with such a thin dielectric, so it was suggested that I used a hatched ground plane to increase the impedance. This calculator helps translating the color bars from the resistor to its value. #2 depends on the quality of your board house. The differential via design shown in Figure 2 was built and tested. The reference plane is not far enough to accommodate 100-ohm differential impedance. 6 mm is used) can anybody help me how to calculate 100 ohm impedance. The differential impedance target, as well as the single-ended impedance of each trace, is maintained by keeping the spacing between the two traces constant. INPUT DATA. 6193. usb on a 1. Both LM and CM converge to zero as spacing goes to infinity. 062" double sided finished board The numbers work out like this. How the composite structure of FR4 effects the prediction of impedance. Table 1-1. , typically 100 Ω). The definition of the controlled impedance for this configuration does not require a ground. , equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity). 2. Impedance captures the real. H 1 is the subtrate h1. Aside from impedance and crosstalk, the other area where parasitics matter is in routing, specifically in differential pairs and high frequency signals. 29 mm width traces to obtain 100 Ohms ZDiff while using 0. Thus a "differential pair" any long distance apart will have an impedance of 98 ohms, without any coupling between the lines, i. The trace width (0. The other metrics used to describe transmission line impedance depend on the relative arrangement of two transmission lines. e. The engineer must specify controlled impedance signals in the schematic and classify specific nets to be either differential pairs (100Ω, 90Ω or 85Ω) or single-ended nets (40Ω, 50Ω, 55Ω, 60 Ω or 75Ω). dear friends I want to route 100 ohm differential pairs of LAN on two layer pcb ( 1. 9. Following is the list of useful converters and calculators. Coplanar Wave Guides 5. Planar transmission lines can be classified as striplines, microstrip lines, slotlines, coplanar striplines, or parallel-plate waveguides. The advantages of coplanar waveguide are that active devices can be mounted on top of the circuit, like on microstrip. 4. Differential Protocol: Select the desired protocol from the dropdown list, this list will autofill the Target ZDiff edit box. This causes the signals to become. For LVDS that would be 50R trace impedance. The Finding the Impedance of a Coaxial Cable model provides a similar example that goes into more details about setting up such models. The KiCad PCB Calculator is a set of utilities to help you find the values of components or other parameters of a layout. Activity points. Aspencore network. 1. The impedance is determined by the ratio of trace width to clearance, so size reduction is possible without limit, the only penalty being higher losses. Lumped Port Impedance - User Specified The complex impedance Z s, defined when the port gets created, serves as the source impedance of the S-matrix of the lumped port. Embedded Microstrip. Impedance in your traces becomes a critical parameter to consider during stackup design for high-speed PCBs, but the. Twisted pairs are used with balanced signals. The Polar Si8000m and Si9000e field solvers include a range of controlled impedance structures for modelling differentials without grounds (no reference planes. Single-Ended Impedance The trace impedance (single-ended) in an individual trace is normally calculated by ignoring any neighboring traces, so no coupling to other conductors in the design will be included. e. Create a coplanar waveguide transmission line using a gold substrate as the dielectric. Under high-speed differential signaling standards, you'll often need to set the differential impedance to a specific value while also setting the single-ended impedance of each trace in the pair to its own value. On a smaller scale, coplanar waveguide transmission lines are also built into monolithic microwave integrated circuits. The Calculator Calculates the values of the Characteristic Impedance, Capacitance per unit length and propogation speed. The PCB Impedance Calculator in Altium Designer. e. Here is a problem, I am simulating a grounded coplanar waveguide with width of 0. There are some advantages to using a microstrip transmission line over other alternatives. The reason for creating this tool is I failed to find any other (free and open source) alternative. e. Type: Options are microstrip (single-ended), coplanar (single-ended), edge-coupled (differential), and dual coplanar (differential). Conductor is assumed to have zero thickness and to be uniformly spaced between the ground planes. 004” trace, 0. Coplanar microstrip routing: In coplanar microstrip routing, the signal trace is routed in parallel to two ground planes. There are many demands placed on PCB stackup design. Either the desired impedance at a specific frequency is used to determine the waveguide width, or the width is entered and the impedance is calculated. First, consider a microstrip. Impedance signals are very rich and treasure valuable information about both the measurement system and the particles under study. ϵr ϵ r = substrate dielectric. Differential pair on a reference plane for differential mode (left picture) and common mode (right picture) line impedance In addition to the four line impedance types the Impedance Calculator is also able to calculate the Coupling Factor between two traces on either the same signal layer (horizontal coupling) or between two traces on different. Excessive Zs can pose safety risks, while too low Zs may cause tripping issues. We get a lot of questions about trace impedance and how to calculate the right trace size to hit a specific impedance in a manufacturable PCB. Just as important as determining an appropriate. If. Distance units: Substrate Height, H Trace Width, W Thickness, TA coplanar waveguide calculator will operate in one of two ways. An embedded microstrip is a microstrip transmission line or flat conductor separated from the ground place via a dielectric material. Intrinsic Impedance, Z0: Ohm < Prev; Even mode impedance for commonly-driven transmission lines . Single ended. The differential pairs should be loosely coupled. INPUT DATA. Use several of them and compare. These transmission line arrangements are standard trace geometries implemented in PCB design software. 0 and still meet the impedance spec. The characteristic impedance (Z 0) of a transmission line is the resistance it would exhibit if it were infinite in length. Verified with Agilent LineCalc and Agilent Momentum simulations. There are a lot of online trace impedance calculators specifically designed for differential traces. Characteristic. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. A coplanar waveguide calculator will operate in one of two ways. Coplanar Waveguide Analysis/Synthesis Calculator. 3) The characteristic impedance is the impedance set for the ports when S11 is minimized. Z0,air Z 0, a i r = characteristic impedance of air. 1524mm (I've used this for the differential spacing after the caps as well). The characteristic impedance (Z o) of coplanar waveguide with ground or microstrip lines with signal side ground plane can be calculated using the active calculator or the equations at the bottom of the page. These are precisely the characteristics of a pair of lines to be designated as a differential pair. Differential Trace Stripline Impedance Calculator; The standard geometries that are supported by these trace impedance calculators are shown in the graphic below. beammy. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. The reference plane is not far enough to accommodate 100-ohm differential impedance. 9. This technique is used for routing internal layer differential pairs. 127 mm). 8 ohms for residential and below 0. All users and their team members can collaborate efficiently on advanced electronics designs through the Altium 365™ platform. Use the following equation to calculate the impedance of a stripline trace layout. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a symmetric stripline - a flat conductor between two ground planes whose distance between the conductor and the planes is the same for both reference planes. Differential impedance is the double of odd mode. The main takeaway for me: To get to around 80 ohms, I should not pull ground on the signal. 10. The Field Solvers in the Si6000b allow you to accurately graph impedance against various PCB parameters. The answer lies in the spacing between the traces in the pair. 36 mm substrate, has an impedance to ground, unbalanced, of about 49 ohms. Going to a coplanar arrangement can provide more losses when the coplanar ground is close, which forces a thinner microstrip (more loss from skin effect). Differential microstrip and stripline pairs have common-mode noise immunity if they are routed symmetrically, but they also need to have controlled differential impedance to. 6mm thick board always calls for crazy thick traces, instead focus on keeping the distance you need to route your USB lines short, this way you dont need to worry about impedance anywhere near as much, you can reduce how much trace width you need a bit by routing a picketed ground along side the differential pair. Simultaneous Switching Noise Guidelines. •Maintains 50 Ω ± 15 % single-ended and 100 Ω ± 20 % differential impedance. Ultimately you could consider adjusting the spacing "S" to the. To use it, first select the tolerance of the resistor: 10%, 5% or equal or smaller than 2%. One would reasonably expect similar results for striplines. The controlled impedance method applies to any trace that handles high-speed or high-frequency signals. When the source impedance is a complex value, the magnitude of the S-matrix is not always less than or equal to 1, even for a passive device. You will likely need to use an EM simulator if you want to account for ground pours near the signal traces. 5. The differential impedance will be a bit less than 2x the single-ended impedance. Characteristic impedance. 29mm, on the 0. Multipin Port Overview A multipin waveguide is characterized by having more than two conductors (e. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. Impedance Calculation 5. But practically (especially in a dense design like your example), they also interact with surrounding conductors, and the coplanar ground, or ground beneath a differential microstrip will affect the characteristic impedance. Simply input the required data fields to check your chosen dimensions ensure the. Modeling approximation can be used to design the microstrip trace. Edge coupled differential pair Edge coupled internal symmetric differential pair Edge coupled internal asymmetric differential pair Edge coupled embedded differential pair Broadside coupled shielded differential pair Broadside coupled non. A coplanar differential raises the diff impedance while lowering Zo with adjacent grounds so it needs a thinner height of dielectric. Differential pairs are very simple: they are composed of two traces, routed side-by-side, and that carry equal magnitude and opposite polarity signals on each trace. Calculate Coplanar impedance for given PCB parameters. Plane cross-overs and broadside coupling review PDN analysis - minimizes AC impedance. Grounded Differential Coplanar Wave Guide. The impedance is determined by the ratio of trace width to clearance, so size reduction is possible without limit, the only penalty being higher losses. Use a 2D field solver to do this (The best free tool I have found is TNT). Where: Z0 Z 0 = characteristic impedance of the asymmetric stripline in ohms (Ω). While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion, copper roughness, phase shift, etc. Although there are plenty of free impedance calculators out there, I'm struggling to find one that can solve impedances for a differential pair using coplanar waveguide. Everything you need to design. The PCB design tools in Allegro include an impedance calculator that will help you size your traces so that they have defined characteristic impedance. To calculate a 9-hole score differential, golfers should use their usual playing conditions (UPC), which take into account factors like wind, course conditions, and tee placements. Technical Consultant Zach Peterson explores a viewer question surrounding Coplanar Routing, specifically how to route on a single-layer board. Microstrip. 3. m is the slope of the line. Let’s look closely at these two situations and how the structure of a via/pad + antipad can lead to signal integrity problems. Reference plane assignment validation Critical placement and routing. Thus a. To calculate geometry for 90OHMs Differential pairs routed on 2 layer PCB (Differential impedance of Microstrips) you need to know: width of the traces, space (gap) between the traces, height of dielectric above return plane, trace thickness and relative permittivity of the dielectric. This means that the channel dimensions of both FETs must be the same and that R 1 must equal R 2. Grounded Differential Coplanar Waveguide Calculator Width (W) in micrometers: Gap (G) in micrometers: Height (H) in micrometers: Substrate Height (Hs). In high-speed PCB wiring, the trace impedance of digital signals is generally designed to be 50 ohms, which is an approximate number. These transmission line arrangements are standard trace geometries implemented in PCB design software. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. Altium Designer’s differential line impedance calculator will set up your impedance-controlled differential pair routing widths for you. JLCPCB Impedance Calculator. While you can theoretically connect up to 32 devices (or even more by using an RS-485 repeater), the actual number of nodes will depend on the chosen communication speed or baud rate. Use an online differential stripline impedance calculator Calculating Differential vs. Just enter the given values for trace thickness. With this combination of powerful impedance modeling you can quickly determine the manufacturing variations for each of your designs and model resin-rich areas between differential traces to achieve the highest yields from yourThe formula for calculating the flow rate (Q) of a pipe is: Flow Rate (Q) = Cross-Sectional Area (A) * Velocity (V) This formula relates flow rate to the cross-sectional area and velocity of the fluid in the pipe. 1<W/H<3. The single-ended channel has 58. The edge couple differential microstrip transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. The differential pair is all about balance. But a coplanar ground design will do no harm there either. 5. The differential pair is unbalanced, the interference is not common-mode, and the differential pair fails to reject its interference. The trace width (0. Technical Consultant Zach Peterson explores a viewer question surrounding Coplanar Routing, specifically how to route on a single-layer board. In the image below, I am comparing differential vias with merged. The iCD Stackup Planner offers unprecedented simulation speed, ease of use and industry leading impedance accuracy at an affordable. Printed circuit planar transmission lines used to create filters in a 20 GHz spectrum analyser. Right-click in the Differential Pair Classes region to create a new class. The required values are trace thickness, substrate heights, trace width, and subtrate dielectric in the calculator above and press the "calculate" button. Fabricators give trace impedance tables as guides to designers that need to implement controlled impedance in their PCBs. 5. Calculate differential pairs impedance to each other over a cross hatched ground. Dual Stripline. Either the desired impedance at a specific frequency is used to determine the waveguide width, or the width is entered and the impedance is calculated. For example, high-speed designs rely on controlled impedance with differential pair routing guidelines, while high-current DC designs need to have wide traces that do not necessarily have specific impedance. PCB Coplanar Waveguide Calculator RF PCBs can be complex boards that need careful interconnect design and. A differential pair of microstrip transmission lines exhibit even- and odd-mode propagation characteristics, with the even-mode electromagnetic (EM) fields propagating through the PCB substrate material while the odd-mode EM fields propagate through the substrate material as well as the air above the substrate. The Si8000m and Si9000e Differential Without Ground Structures models are primarily aimed at low layer count stackups commonly used in the. Inputs Trace Thickness Substrate Height Trace Width Trace Spacing Dielectric Constant Outputs. The required inputs are the Dk value for the dielectric constant of the PCB substrate, and the. A solution to the problems of microstrip is coplanar waveguide (CPW) shown in Figure [Math Processing Error] 3. Layers: Total number of copper layers in the board. Differential pair via impedance is affected by the same factors. An input voltage between the two gate terminals produces an output current in the drain terminals. Coplanar Waveguide Calculator. Differential Impedance Ω. Single-Ended Impedance The trace impedance (single-ended) in an individual trace is normally calculated by ignoring. Remember, the lower the impedance the greater the current drain, the higher. To do this: 1) Set all port impedances to a variable. , PCIe Gen 2 and Gen 3) also use a different value for differential pair. Grounded Differential Coplanar Wave Guide. I've added a label (EG) to what I think you are asking about, which would effectively be the "external gap" between differential pairs: The short answer is: make the external gap 5 times as wide as the trace width of one of the traces in the differential pair. Our impedance calculator features two main types of impedance models, single-ended and differential, within each trace structure. 2 High-Speed Signal Trace Lengths. It incorporates many features that PCB designers and engineers are in regular need. Those pairs connect via a dedicated FFC cable. 5. H eff = H 1 + H 2 2 H e f f = H 1 + H 2 2. Color Code. From it, apart from making all traces the same length from camera sensor to cable connector, I believe the rules I need to follow are: Differential impedance of 100 Ohm. The Coplanar Differential Pair Impedance Calculator is a tool that helps you calculate the characteristic impedance of a coplanar waveguide (CPW). This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip - a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between it and another dielectric material. dear friends I want to route 100 ohm differential pairs of LAN on two layer pcb ( 1. They should have polar si to calculate it and the vast majority of people and even many companies don't have it. For Dk = 3 to about Dk = 4, the frequency range where controlled impedance will be needed is slightly above about 3-5 GHz (see the. 2 Calculating Impedance The following equations can be used to calculate the differential impedance of the board. I got the following question regarding the impedance of a grounded coplanar waveguide(gcw) and microstrip as shown in the image attached: If I increase the spacing w in the gcw to large values I am expecting getting a similar impedance results for the microstrip if the other parameters remain the same since both geometries equalise. 2, however research into the prediction of impedance of edge coupled differential and co planar structures has shown for the best results you need to take into. 4 mm, trace spacing S = 0. Co = self-capacitance = C 11 = C 22 . Since stripline traces are typicallyEnter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. Corrected “?” tooltip for coplanar wave in the Conductor Impedance calculator. Stripline is another type of transmission line that can be easily built on a pcb. 254mm. The impedance of the structure is the ratio of the voltage between, and the current in, the conductors. 8). Based. To avoid microstrip modes, have h >> (w+2g) and extend component side ground away from the trace by > (w+2g). While a minimum risetime is not specified, it's unlikely to be much less than, say, 1/3 the maximum; the RS-422 transmitter's 15ns max. So, to calculate the differential impedance of Figure 1, simply calculate the impedance of Figure 3, and double it. Additionally, a 30mil distance from any other signals should be maintained. Fourteen new coplanar differential models have grown the library to 39 structures at introduction, with more to come. A differential length in real space (i. Click here to see the user guide of our. When you need to design transmission lines with standard geometries and impedance, you can use the built-in impedance calculator in the Layer Stack Manager in Altium Designer®. Press Analyze to see the results. If you control impedance, you place a tolerance in the fabrication notes. Differential impedance is another factor you should probably consider when dealing with impedance. Mutual inductance and capacitance exist between the two traces in a differential pair. 05 that is free software and very famous among designers. I was looking for information on coplanar waveguides (curiosity prompted by another question here) and found this calculator. Since my layer thickness is 0. The same situation occurs in a coplanar differential pair on the same layer. The resistance value chosen for the two resistors will be referred to as R D (for d rain resistance). Edge Coupled Stripline Impedance Overview. Conventional coplanar waveguide ( CPW. Plane pour definitions and return current paths. The advantages of coplanar waveguide are that active devices can be mounted on top of the circuit, like on microstrip. H 2 is the subtrate h2. This calculator finds both odd and even transmission line impedance. Your Routing Style: Coupled Differential Pairs or Coplanar Differential Microstrips As I pointed out in the previous blog , you can’t use the trace width corresponding to the characteristic impedance in High Speed USB 2. You can make your own spread sheet using formulas provided by Wedell's book "Transmission Line Design Handbook" page 196, 197, 198 (attached)Differential Impedance Ω. 8. This sets the single-ended impedance AND differential impedance to the target value, even if there is no. The impedance of a differential via pair cannot be treated with a single via impedance calculator unless the vias are spaced far apart. W represents trace width. 4. Height: Height of the substrate. This is often resin filled (as. 1. This I the answer. A PCB impedance table will provide the trace width required to have a target impedance value on a standard stackup. When you want to determine the width and length of a microstrip line for any given characteristic impedance and electrical length, or vice versa, a microstrip calculator is the right tool to do so. 2. Lm = mutual inductance = L 12 = L 21. Target Impedance Decoupling Method 1. The calculator shows 90 ohms can be achieved using. 1 mm gives roughly 50 ohms impedance. :. Jan 31, 2016 #2 FvM Super Moderator. 1. Calculate Z 0 as normal Microstrip, until you get the desired value, e. 2. Trace Thickness. • Coplanar Waveguide: a strip conductor with two ground. The guides says spacing under 0. Differential signal I/O standards require a termination resistor between the signals at the receiving device (refer to Figure 38 ). 2. Calculate the Differential Microstrip Impedance of a transmission line based on the the distance between the strips, height of the substrate, trace thickness and dielectric constant of the substrate. Optimization results for example 2. Based on: The factors that influence differential pair via impedance will affect the input impedance seen at the vias. It’s a three-in-one. If your design has controlled impedance traces, you can use our built-in impedance calculator. Therefore, dx and dy in real space scale into Mdx (= du) and Mdy (= dv) respectively in the mapped. Our free impedance calculator for coplanar waveguide can help you with your design features to ensure your PCB is working as you intend. 0. The calculation looks correct, but the tracks are too wide. 1 (a). Dimensions are in meters. A pair of lines can be modeled as follows: Differential pair line. GEGCalculators. Termination Design. 26. , power and/or GND) constitutes a stripline layout. Differential Pair Impedance Calculator Calculates the differential pair impedance of a balanced line. The inductance calculated using this tool is the inductance of the loop bounded by the two coplanar flat conductors. The PCB design tools in Allegro include an impedance calculator that will help you size your traces so that they have defined characteristic impedance. Notice that distance to the other trace in the pair as well as other Cu will impact the impedance. Flexibility Using 9-hole differentials offers flexibility for golfers with limited time, allowing them to maintain their handicap index without always completing. . Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. Although the differential impedance will change with temperature, it will be tiny (the impedance goes down with decreasing temperature). Adjust the distance "s". 3mm of the microcontroller), therefore i rounded the width to 0. 2) Tune or optimize on the port impedance variable until S11 of the coupled line is either at the center of the smith chart or at a minimum value when plotted in dB on a rectangular graph. • When using an impedance calculator, the outer layers of the PCB contain less glass than. For differential pairs, a coupled microstrip line can work also. If the surface layer ground pours in the above image are too close to the trace, then we have a coplanar waveguide, not a microstrip. A mistake was made when designing a set of mother and daughter PCBs, resulting the daughter board to have its LVDS pairs at ~100Ω differential impedance, while the motherboard ~90Ω. Separation between Planes. The formula for calculating the characteristic impedance of a differential pair involves several factors: Differential Pair Impedance (Z_diff) = (2 × Z_single) / sqrt (1 + (2d / s)) Where: Differential Pair Impedance (Z_diff) represents the characteristic impedance of the differential pair, typically measured in ohms (Ω). The etch length of the differential pair groups do not need to match. In general, at microwave frequencies, microstrip circuits will suffer less loss than GCPW circuits, especially due to manufacturing variations. GCPW achieves an extra level of grounding and isolation by fabricating a. 2Gbps 100R differential impedance, while the other is only 3Mbps, with much more tolerance on the impedance. Cm = mutual capacitance = |C 12 |=|C 21. Applies to Altium NEXUS Client version: 3. It also ensures low impedance and the capability to tune the impedance by adjusting the spacing between the ground layer and the signal conductor. Dual stripline. 1. (coplanar Wave. In both cases, you’ll need to enter your stackup information into the calculator to get accurate results. If you need to use differential pairs, you simply define traces in each layer as differential pairs and the impedance calculator will determine the correct spacing between traces. 75 mm track on a 0. Typical impedance tolerances are 10% and 7%, and can go as low as 5% or 2% in the extreme cases. There's a free calculator for edge-coupled. a track in TX_P and a track in TX_N). For differential pairs of microstrips, the formulas involved are much more complicated because coupling between the traces in the differential pair must be included in the impedance calculation. While you can get away with small impedance mismatches, some signal drivers will have an impedance that does not match the standard 50 Ohm value typically used with signal traces. 35 ohms for industrial setups. It is important to determine the characteristic impedance of a twisted-pair cable because this impedance should match the. . CPW. Single-ended and differential pairs of coplanar waveguides. The PCB board also affects the circuit’s impedance. NOTE: The formulas used in the program are valid for 0. ; Apply the values to the differential calculation, e. Speedstack PCB stackup design tool is a packaged combination of the Si8000m field solving impedance calculator and the Speedstack professional layer PCB stackup design system. The concept of driving the conductors as a differential pair implies the. Joined Jan 22, 2008 Messages 51,800 Helped 14,703 Reputation 29,682 Reaction score 13,944 Trophy points 1,393 LocationKiCAD doesn't have a calculator for differential coplanar waveguide. (In other words, 5 times Wn. Use this constraint to configure the clearance when the nets in the differential pair must be closer together than allowed by the general clearance. Grounded Differential Coplanar Wave Guide. We usually use stitch pattern of 0. 1702mm. In the case where you are routing differential pairs, then the potential between the two pairs will always be opposing (i. In the case where you are routing differential pairs, then the potential between the two pairs will always be opposing (i. I created coplanar waveguide on the same layer as the differential pair to serve as a coupling for the diff pair. It can vary widely depending on these factors but is typically in the range of a few picohenries per millimeter. Single and differential coplanar structures; Multiple adjacent dielectric layers, with different dielectric properties. Differential Pairs: Displays differential pair analysis results for differential pair nets and single-ended results for single-ended nets. .